Research Progress on Dysemenorrhea of Essential Oils of Traditional Chinese Medicine： A Review / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Dysmenorrhea is a common gynecological disease in clinic， with primary dysmenorrhea and secondary dysmenorrhea. Primary dysmenorrhea is usually not accompanied by organic lesions in genital organs， which is mainly related to the increase of prostaglandin content in endometrium during menstruation. Secondary dysmenorrhea is accompanied by organic lesions of reproductive organs， often associated with local lesions of reproductive organs， but also with patients' mental factors and neuroendocrine factors.The incidence of dysmenorrhea is as high as 73.8%， and there is no radical cure method， which has a great impact on the life， work and learning of patients. Chinese medicine essential oil widely exists in aromatic Chinese medicine， with antibacterial， antioxidant and anticancer activities. It can regulate neuroendocrine function， anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects， and improve mood by regulating the levels of prostaglandins， oxytocin and other hormones in the body and regulating the emotions of patients， there by alleviating dysmenorrhea to a certain extent. In recent years， many scholars have made more in-depth research on Chinese medicine essential oil in alleviating dysmenorrhea， but there is a lack of comprehensive collation of such studies. In this regard， the author has systematically sorted out the generation and classification of dysmenorrhea， the mechanism of action of essential oil of traditional Chinese medicine to alleviate dysmenorrhea and the application of essential oil of traditional Chinese medicine in the field of dysmenorrhea by consulting relevant literature in Chinese and foreign languages in recent years， so as to provide reference for the treatment of dysmenorrhea.

Regulatory Effect of Xiangshenwan on TLR/NF-κB Signal in Colonic Mucosa of Mice with Colitis / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To explore the effect and mechanism of Xiangshenwan on ulcerative colitis （UC） induced by dextran sulfate sodium （DSS） in mice based on the classic Toll-like receptor （TLR）/nuclear factor kappa B （NF-<italic>κ</italic>B） signaling pathway. Method:The experimental mice were divided into a normal group， a model group， a Xiangshenwan group， and a mesalazine group. The mice， except for those in the normal group， received 3% DSS solution for 7 days to establish the acute UC model and were treated with Xiangshenwan （5 g·kg^-1） and mesalazine （300 mg·kg^-1） continuously from the 1st day to the 10th day of modeling. The body weight， disease activity index （DAI）， colon weight， intestinal weight index， colon length， colon weight per unit length， and pathological changes of mice were evaluated respectively. The protein expression of TLR5， myeloid differentiation factor 88 （MyD88）， interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 （IRAK4）， tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 （TRAF6）， transforming growth factor <italic>β</italic>-activated kinase 1 （TAK1）， p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK）， NF-<italic>κ</italic>B， IRAK1， TAK1-binding protein 1 （TAB1）， TAB2， mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3 （MKK3）， MKK6 and cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein （CREB） in colon tissues of mice was detected by Western blot. Result:Compared with the normal group， the model group showed decreased body weight of mice， increased DAI scores， elevated colon weight， intestinal weight index， and colon weight per unit length， shortened colon length， severe colonic mucosal injury， and up-regulated protein expression of TLR5， MyD88， IRAK4， TRAF6， TAK1， p38 MAPK， NF-<italic>κ</italic>B， IRAK1， TAB1， TAB2， MKK3， MKK6， and CREB in colon tissues （<italic>P</italic><0.05，<italic> P</italic><0.01<bold>）.</bold> Compared with the model group， the Xiangshenwan group and the mesalazine group displayed increased body weight of mice， decreased DAI scores， declining colon weight， intestinal weight index， and colon weight per unit length， increased colon length， improved colonic mucosal injury， and down-regulated protein expression of TLR5， MyD88， IRAK4， TRAF6， TAK1， p38 MAPK， NF-<italic>κ</italic>B， IRAK1， TAB1， TAB2， MKK3， MKK6， and CREB in colon tissues （<italic>P</italic><0.05，<italic> P</italic><0.01）. Conclusion:Xiangshenwan can effectively treat DSS-induced UC presumedly by the inhibition of TLR/NF-<italic>κ</italic>B signaling pathway.

HPLC Fingerprint Analysis of Substance Benchmark of Xiao Chengqitang / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To establish a high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） fingerprint of the substance benchmark of Xiao Chengqitang and evaluate its quality with chemical pattern recognition method. Method:Diamonsil C₁₈ column （4.6 mm×150 mm， 5 μm） was used， mobile phase was consisted of methanol （A）-0.1% phosphoric acid solution （B） for gradient elution （0-60 min， 20%-90%A； 60-70 min， 90%-100%A）， the flow rate was 1 mL·min^-1， the column temperature was 25 ℃， and the detection wavelength was 254 nm. The similarity evaluation system of chromatographic fingerprint of traditional Chinese medicine （2012 edition） was used to evaluate the similarity of HPLC fingerprint of 15 batches of substance benchmark of Xiao Chengqitang， and the chromatographic data were analyzed by cluster analysis， principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis， in order to evaluate the quality difference between different batches of substance benchmarks of Xiao Chengqitang and find out the main chemical components that caused the quality difference. Result:The HPLC fingerprint of Xiao Chengqitang substance benchmarks was established， 31 common peaks were identified， and 18 components were identified by comparing with the reference substances. The similarities of 15 batches of HPLC fingerprint of Xiao Chengqitang substance benchmarks were >0.92. The samples could be divided into two categories by three chemical pattern recognition methods. Nine main components leading to the quality discrepancy of samples between batches were screened out， including rhein， chrysophanol-8-<italic>O</italic>-<italic>β</italic>-<italic>D</italic>-glucoside， aloe-emodin-8-<italic>O</italic>-<italic>β</italic>-<italic>D</italic>-glucoside， sennoside A， chrysophanol-1-<italic>O</italic>-<italic>β</italic>-<italic>D</italic>-glucoside， rhein-8-<italic>O</italic>-glucoside and others. Conclusion:The established fingerprint analysis method is accurate， stable and reproducible， which basically reflects the overall chemical composition characteristics of Xiao Chengqitang， and can be used for the quality control of Xiao Chengqitang preparations.

Exploration of emulsifying material basis of Angelicae Sinensis Radix volatile oil based on partial least squares and hydrophile-lipophile balance value / 中国中药杂志

This study explores the emulsifying material basis of Angelicae Sinensis Radix volatile oil (ASRVO) based on partial least squares (PLS) method and hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) value.The turbidity of ASRVO emulsion samples from Gansu,Yunnan,and Qinghai was determined and the chemical components in the emulsion were analyzed by GC-MS.The PLS model was established with the chemical components as the independent variable and the turbidity as the dependent variable and evaluated with indexes R~2X and R~2Y.The chemical components which were in positive correlation with the turbidity were selected and the HLB values were calculated to determine the emulsification material basis of ASRVO.The PLS models for the 81 emulsion samples had high R~2X and R~2Y values,which showed good fitting ability.Seven chemical components,2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol,trans-ligustilide,3-butylidene-1(3H)-isobenzofuranone,dodecane,1-methyl-4-(1-methylethylidene)-cyclohexene,trans-beta-ocimene,and decane,had positive correlation with turbidity.Particularly,the HLB value of 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol was 4.4,which was the HLB range of surfactants to be emulsifiers and 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol was positively correlated with turbidity of the ASRVO emulsion samples from the main producing area.Therefore,2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol was the emulsifying material basis of ASRVO.The selected emulsifying substances can lay a foundation for exploring the emulsification mechanism and demulsification solution of ASRVO.

Review of Research on Xiao Chengqitang / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Xiao Chengqitang, derived from Treatise on Febrile Diseases, is composed of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex and Aurantii Fructus Immaturus. It is often used to treat Yangming Fushi light syndrome. This formula was included in the Catalogue of Ancient Classical Prescription (The First Batch), which has a high clinical application value. Current researches on the chemical composition, pharmacological effect and clinical application of Xiao Chengqitang have been carried out, but the history of Xiao Chengqitang is unclear and the dose conversation method is vague. It has great difficulties in clinical rational applications of Xiao Chengqitang and the research and development of its compound preparations. In this article, the literature reports on Xiao Chengqitang were summarized from the aspects of historical evolution, literature researching of Chinese herbs, dosage conversation method, modern research in case to clarify the historical context of Xiao Chengqitang and to provide basis for the clinical application and modern scientific research of this formula.

Protective effect of salidroside on rats with hypoxic pulmonary hyperten-sion by suppressing oxidative stress / 中国病理生理杂志

AIM:To study whether salidroside plays a protective role in hypoxia-induced pulmonary hyperten-sion by suppressing oxidative stress.METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: normoxia (N)group,hypoxia for 4 weeks(H4)group,low-dose salidroside(hypoxia for 4 weeks and treatment with salidroside at 16 mg/kg,H4S16)group and high-dose salidroside(hypoxia for 4 weeks and treatment with salidroside at 32 mg/kg, H4S32)group.The mean pulmonary arterial pressure(mPAP), the weight ratio of right ventricle/(left ventricle+sep-tum)[RV/(LV+S)]and vessel wall area/vessel total area(WA/TA)were evaluated.The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA)in the serum and lung tissues were detected by colorimetric method.The levels of 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α(8-iso-PGF2α)in the serum and lung tissues were measured by ELISA.The activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD)in the serum was analyzed by hydroxylamine method.The expression of NAPDH oxidase 4(NOX4)and SOD1 in the lung tissues was determined by Western blot.RESULTS:Compared with N group,the levels of mPAP,RV/(LV+S)and WA/TA in H4 group were significantly increased,which were apparently attenuated by salidroside injection in a dose-dependent manner. Meanwhile,salidroside administration apparently decreased the levels of MDA and 8-iso-PGF2αin the serum and lung tis-sues,as well as the expression of NOX 4 in the lung tissues.Besides,compared with N group, the activity of SOD in the serum and the expression of SOD1 in the lung tissues in H4group were significantly decreased,while administration of sali-droside increased the activity of SOD in the serum and the expression of SOD 1 in the lung tissues in a dose-dependent man-ner.CONCLUSION:Salidroside protects the pulmonary vessels from remodeling and attenuates hypoxia -induced pulmo-nary hypertension by inhibiting oxidative stress.

A new neolignan from the fruits of Arctium lappa L / 药学学报

In our study of the chemical constituents of the dried mature fruits of Arctium lappa L., ten compounds were isolated by various chromatography methods and preparative HPLC. Their structures were elucidated as (7R,8R)-4,7,9,9'-tetrahydroxy-3,3'-dimethoxy-8-4'-oxyneolign-7'-ene-9'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), (7R,8R)-4,7,9,9'-tetrahydroxy-3,3'-dimethoxy-8-O-4'-neolignan-9'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), (7R,8R)- 4,7,9,9'-tertahydroxy-3,3'-dimethoxy-8-4'-oxyneolignan (3), (7S,8R)-dihydrodehydrodiconiferylalcohol-4-O-β- D-glucopyranoside (4), (7S,8R,7'R,8'R)-pinoresinol-4,4'-di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5), (8S,7'S,8'R)-4,4',9'- trihydroxy-3,3'-dimethoxy-7',9-epoxylignan-7-oxo-4'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (6), 2-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenol- 1-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→6)-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (7), 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenol-1-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl- (1→6)-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (8), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylalcohol-4-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→6)-O-β-D- glucopyranoside (9) and 2-phenethyl β-primeveroside (10) by their spectroscopic data (IR, UV, CD, MS, HR-ESI-MS, and 1D and 2D NMR) and comparison to literature data. Compound 1 is a new 8-O-4'-neolignan. Compounds 2-10 were isolated from the dried mature fruits of Arctium lappa L. for the first time.

Quality control of Maca (Lepidium meyenii) / 中国中药杂志

To control the quality of Maca, the quality standard was established in this study. According to the methods recorded in the Appendix of Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2010 Edition), the water, extract, total ash, acid insoluble substance, and heavy metals inspections in Lepidium meyenii were carried out. N-benzyl-9Z, 12Z-octadecadienamide in L. meyenii was identified by TLC, and it was determined by HPLC. The results showed that the N-benzyl-9Z, 12Z-octadecadienamide identification of TLC was a strong mark and specificity. In content determination experiment, the linearity of N-benzyl-9Z, 12Z-octadecadienamide was in the range of 0.01-2 microg (r = 0.9998), and the average recovery (n=9) was 99.27% (RSD 2.0%). The methods were simple, accurate, with good reproducibility. It is suitable for quality control L. meyenii.

The study of catheterization to measure ventricular pressure in mice through venous cannula in external jugular vein / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study a feasible method of measuring right ventricular pressure by catheterization in mice.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Measuring the right ventricular pressure and the pulmonary artery pressure by homemade PE pipe through venous cannula in external jugular vein, using catheterization in mice with powerlab multimodal biometric signal recording system.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Forty-six out of 51 mice were experimented with this method smoothly and got a total success rate of 90.2%. Thirty of 33 normal mice and 16 of 18 mice with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) were catheterized successfully. The right ventricular pressure were as follow: systolic blood pressure: (23.4 +/- 5.7) mmHg in normal group vs (32.2 +/- 2.8) mmHg in mice with PAH, diastolic blood pressure: (3.7 +/- 2.6) mmHg vs (3.8 +/- 2.0) mmHg, mean pressure: (12.0 +/- 3.7) mmHg vs (14.9 +/- 2.3) mmHg. After autopsy for those 5 failed cases, we found that 2 cases were into the inferior vena cava, another 2 cases pierced the right auricle and the last one punctured the axillary vein into the chest wall.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Measuring the right ventricular pressure through venous cannula in external jugular vein with homemade PE pipe in mice gets not only a high success rate but also help to save time. Moreover, this method can be popularized easily. It is a good and feasible method for measuring right ventricular pressure in mice.</p>

Abscess formation in vertebral canal and presacral area following penetrating injury of rectum and sacral vertebra by a steel rod / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

Penetrating injury to the rectum, vertebral body and spinal cord by a steel rod is a rare condition. Treatment of this kind of injury is very challenging. Rectal injury requires repair and fecal diversion, while debridement of the spine is difficult, especially when the injury site is very long. Here we report a case of penetrating injury of rectum and sacral vertebra by a steel rod after falling onto the ground from 1 m height. The abscess cavity was irrigated with 3% hydrogen peroxide and physio-logical saline repeatedly. The bony canal was carefully debrided, curetted and bony fragments were removed. Spinal irrigation and drainage lasted for 2 months and sensitive antibiotic (amikacin sulfate) was given 7 days after surgery, but abscess was still formed in the vertebral canal. At 6-month follow-up, the patient was paralyzed without any neurological improvement, and the pain in low back and lower limb still continued.

Primary cell culture and identification methods of rat pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Set up a method to isolate and identify the small pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) in vitro.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>In sterile conditions, separated the male SD rat pulmonary artery, digested by collagenase I and cultured primary PASMCs. Measured cell viability; observed by phase contrast microscope; identified by immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence staining as a label for smooth muscle alpha-actin.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>PASMCs were identified by morphology and immunocytochemistry, immunofluorescence staining, with the cell viability is over 96.5%. The primary culture could be subcultured after 4-7 days and successfully passaged without change in morphology and growth characteristic.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>This technique has advantage of the method is simple, short cultivate, good reproducibility, the primary cultured PASMCs quantity and the rapid growth.</p>

The effect of chimonin on collagen metabolism of pulmonary arterioles in chronic hypoxic rats / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effect and mechanism of chimonin on pulmonary arterioles I and III type collagen metabolism in pulmonary hypertension rats induced by chronic hypoxic hypercapnia.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Thirty-six Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: normal control group(A), hypoxic hypercapnic group(B), hypoxic hypercapnia + chimonin group(C). Collagen I, III and their mRNA, Blood CO concentration (COHb%), activity of HO-1 in blood serum and lung homogenate, content of hydroxyproline in lung homogenate, pulmonary arteriole micromorphometric index were observed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Hypoxic hypercapnic rats's mPAP, Hyr of lung homogenate, content of I type collagen and I type collagen mRNA in pulmonary arterioles, were significantly higher than those in control group, pulmonary vessel remodeling of hypoxic hypercapnic rats was significant, those changes in hypercapnia + chimonin group were significantly lower than those in hypoxic hypercapnic group. Blood CO concentration, activity of HO-1 in blood serum and lung homogenate in rats of hypoxic hypercapnic rats were significantly higher than those of control group, and those of hypercapnia + chimonin group were even higher than hypoxic hypercapnic group (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in mCAP, content of III type collagen and their mRNA in three groups (P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Chimonin can reduce pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary vessel remodeling induced by hypoxic hypercapnia through inhibiting proliferation of collagen I, the mechanism maybe is up regulating endogenous carbon monoxide system.</p>

Effects and mechanism of oridonin on pulmonary hypertension induced by chronic hypoxia-hypercapnia in rats / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by suppressing apoptosis and enhancing cell proliferation in the vascular wall. Inducing pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC) apoptosis had been regarded as a therapeutic approach for PAH. Oridonin can cause apoptosis in many cell lines, while little has been done to evaluate its effect on PASMC.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to three groups: normal control (NC); hypoxia-hypercapnia (HH); Hypoxia-hypercapnia + oridonin (HHO). Rats were exposed to hypoxia-hypercapnia for four weeks. Cultured human PASMC (HPASMC) were assigned to three groups: normoxia (NO); hypoxia (HY); hypoxia + oridonin (HO). The mean pulmonary artery pressure, mass ratio of right ventricle over left ventricle plus septum (RV/(LV + S)), the ratio of thickness of the pulmonary arteriole wall to vascular external diameter (WT%) and the ratio of the vessel wall area to the total area (WA%) were measured. Morphologic changes of pulmonary arteries were observed under light and electron microscopes. The apoptotic characteristics in vitro and in vivo were detected.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The mPAP, RV/(LV + S), WT%, and WA% in the HH group were significantly greater than those in the NC (P < 0.01) and HHO groups (P < 0.01); the activities of caspase-3 and caspase-9, and the expressions of Bax, cyt-C and apoptotic index (AI) in the group HH were less than those in the NC and HHO groups; and the expression of Bcl-2 in group HH was greater than that in the NC and HHO groups. HPASMC mitochondrial membrane potentials in group HO was lower than in group HY (P < 0.01), and cyt-C in the cytoplasm, AI, and caspase-9 in the HO group were greater than that in the HY group (P < 0.01), but the expression of Bcl-2 in the HO group was less than that in the HY group (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The results suggest that oridonin can lower pulmonary artery pressure effectively, and inhibit pulmonary artery structural remodeling by inducing smooth cell apoptosis via a mitochondria-dependent pathway.</p>

Effect of curcumin on pulmonary hypertension and wall collagen of pulmonary arterioles of chronic hypoxic hypercapnic rats / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>AIM</b>To study the effect of curcumin on pulmonary arterial pressure and type I collagen of pulmonary arterioles in pulmonary hypertensive rats induced by chronic hypoxia and hypercapnia.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Thirty six rats were randomly divided into three groups: normal control group (NC), hypoxic hypercapnic group (HH) and hypoxic hypercapnia + curcumin group (HC). Collagen I in pulmonary arterioles was observed by the technique of immunohistochemistry.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) The findings from hemodynamics showed that the mPAP in group HH was significantly higher than that in group NC and HC. Differences of mCAP among groups were not significant (P > 0.05). (2) Light microscopy showed the value of WA/TA (vessel wall area/total area), SMC (the density of medial smooth muscle cells) and thickness of pulmonary arterial media smooth cell layer(PAMT) were significantly higher in group HH than group NC (P < 0.01) and group HC (P < 0.01). (3) Electron microscopy showed that structure of the endothelial cells in pulmonary arterioles in group HC was near to normal, and the proliferation of medial smooth muscle cells and collagen fibers in adventitia was much lighter than those of group HH. (4) Expression of collagen I in pulmonary arterioles was significantly higher in group HH than group NC (P < 0.01) and group HC (P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Curcumin can decrease pulmonary arterial pressure, improve pulmonary vessel remodeling and inhibit the deposition of collagen I in pulmonary arterioles.</p>

Effect and mechanism of chimonin on pulmonary hypertention of chronic hypoxia and hypercapnic rats / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>AIM</b>To study the effect of chimonin on chronic hypoxia and hypercapnic pulmonary hypertension and to explore its mechanism.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>SD rats were randomly divided into normal control group (A), hypoxic hypercapnic group(B), hypoxic hypercapnia + chimonin group (C). HO-1 and HO-1 mRNA was observed in pulmonary arterioles of rats by the technique of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) mPAP was significantly higher in rats of B group than that of A and C group. Differences of mCAP were not significant in three groups. (2) Blood CO concentration was significantly higher in rats of B group than that of A group, it was significantly higher in rats of C group than that of B group. (3) Light microscopy showed that WA/TA (vessel wall area/total area), SMC (the density of medial smooth muscle cell) and PAMT (the thickness of medial smooth cell layer) were significantly higher in rats of B group than those of A and C group. (4) Electron microscopy showed proliferation of medial smooth muscle cells and collagenous fibers of pulmonary arterioles in rats of B group, and chimonin could reverse the changes mentioned above. (5) HO-1 and HO-1 mRNA in pulmonary arterioles was significantly higher in rats of B group than that of A group, they were significantly higher in rats of C group than that of B group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Chimonin can inhibit hypoxic hypercapnia pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary vessel remodeling by further increasing the expression of HO-1 mRNA.</p>